types-certifi

import certifi import requests from typing import Text # certifi.where() provides the path to the CA bundle. # requests automatically uses certifi for SSL verification. ca_bundle_path: Text = certifi.where() def make_secure_request(url: str) -> requests.Response: """Makes a secure HTTP GET request using certifi's CA bundle.""" # Requests typically finds certifi automatically, # but explicitly passing certifi.where() ensures its use and enables type checking. response: requests.Response = requests.get(url, verify=ca_bundle_path) response.raise_for_status() # Raise HTTPError for bad responses (4xx or 5xx) return response # Example usage: try: secure_response = make_secure_request("https://www.google.com") print(f"Successfully connected to {secure_response.url} (Status: {secure_response.status_code})") # Type checkers (e.g., Mypy) would use types-certifi to validate # the types of `certifi.where()` and related calls here. except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e: print(f"Request failed: {e}")